“We consider that the Competition Act, 2002 captures the bulk of the anti-competitive practices which the Groceries Order was originally designed to prevent. However, we consider it desirable to significantly strengthen the Act in some respects and particularly to specially prohibit resale price maintenance, unfair discrimination and “hello money”. Such provisions will, henceforth, be enforced by the Competition Authority ...
This Order . which came into effect on 1 December 2005, facilitates the expansion of the electronic filing system in the Companies Registration Office. Companies may now appoint Electronic Filing Agents to sign and file documents with the CRO in electronic form. The Minister of State at the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment, Mr Michael Ahern, stated, “The introduction of a statutory Electronic Filing Agent will greatly simplify the process for companies and their agents ...
In the Matter of Swanpool Ltd (in Voluntary Liquidation) and Travelodge Ltd (in Voluntary Liquidation) and in the Matter of Section 150 of the Companies Act 1990; McLaughlin v Lannen and Lannen, High Court, Clarke J, 4 November 2005 Facts: McLaughlin, the liquidator of Swanpool and Travelodge, sought a declaration that two directors of the companies be restricted (i.e. prohibited from acting as directors of companies for 5 years) ...
In the Matter of James McMenamin Ltd. (in Voluntary Liquidation), High Court, Laffoy J, 18 April 2005 Facts: In this case, a company in liquidation suddenly found funds that were previously unavailable, in an amount that would allow it to trade successfully again. Therefore, one of the contributories of the company sought to have the liquidation halted so that the company could resume trading as normal. The company’s sole asset was a 26-acre plot of land ...
Academics and commentators in general have always been interested in the study of the enforcement process in regulatory agencies. In the last years, with the rise of the regulatory state[1] and thus the increased number of regulatory agencies, the number of studies has only increased. There is an important amount of literature on the subject and an increasing number of theories and models to explain regulatory enforcement ...
Commission decision in Case No. COMP/39.116/B-2 – Coca-Cola issued pursuant to Article 9(1) of the Council Regulation 1/2003 On 22 June 2005 the Commission adopted a decision under Article 9(1) of the Council Regulation no. 1/2003 approving commitments offered by the Coca-Cola Company, Bottling Holding (Luxembourg), Coca-Cola Erfrischugsgetränke AG and Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company (hereinafter "Coca-Cola") on 19 October 2004 ...
Judgement of the European Court of Justice in case C-212/03 – Commission v. France, dated 26 May 2005 The Commission acted against France on the grounds that certain French rules on the importation of medicines are contrary to Article 28 of EC Treaty on the free movement of goods. The relevant national rules and administrative practice required a licence for the importation of medicines for personal use in France ...
Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC, 98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ [2005] L 149) – hereinafter the “Directive” The Directive is aimed at approximation of laws of the Member States regul
The structure of Stock Companies consists of three organs: The General Meeting of Shareholders, as the supreme organ; the Board of Directors, as an administrative organ; and the Supervisor or Supervisors, as the supervision organ. The Board of Directors is a collegiate organ whose members are shareholders periodically elected by the General Meeting of Shareholders and which function is to perform all the acts of administration, representing the company before third parties ...
The first idea that we may conceive only by reading the title of the present article is: What signals may constitute a trademark?, the answer to this question is given by section 3 of the Law No. 380 “General Law on Trade Marks and Other Distinctive Signs”, published in The Gazette No. 70, of April 16 th 2001, which is the norm regulating this matter ...
In February of the present year, the Law No. 511 on the Creation of the Superintendence of Public Services (SISEP) was enacted. This Law substituted on its functions the Institutions rendering Public Services of Telecommunications, Energy and Drinking Water, (INAA, TELCOR; INE), and revoked their Organic Laws leaving them without any effect. From this legal event it existed in Nicaragua uncertainty for all the private parties who had established legal relationships with these institutions ...
Experts agree that good privacy begins with effective transparency. Transparency requires privacy notices that are easy to understand, facilitate comparison, and are actionable. A system of privacy notices also must be compliant with legal requirements that may be different from country to country, and jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Research on how people learn has helped us understand that easy-to read notices must be short, use plain language, and be in a common format ...
Summary: On 1 July 2005, the 7th amendment to the German Act against Restraints of Competition (Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen – “GWB”) entered into force. It implies major changes in German competition law. The objective of the amendment is to harmonize German with European competition law. In principle, cases having only a national scope will now be judged by similar provisions as cases that have a European dimension ...
The term “joint and several” basis means that any of the parties involved could be sued for the full amount if a warranty claim arises. Management teams often come under pressure from equity investors to give warranties under an investment agreement on such a basis. Whether the team accepts it really depends on the bargaining position of the parties ...
Summary • Directors’ risks can be reduced and their worries alleviated through: - fulfilment of their duties of loyalty and diligence - taking certain specific precautions - indemnification commitments and insurance coverage • Statutes provide for indemnification powers and rights; however, such rights should be supplemented • Obtain detailed contractual indemnification commitments • Directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policies are not all the same and need to be review
Summary • Higher standards are imposed on directors • The key mission of a corporate director: to contribute his knowledge and skills with a view to the best interests of the corporation • Corporate governance is the best shield against directors’ liability (Supreme Court judgment in the Wise case) • Specific precautions may be taken by corporate directors to ensure that they both fulfil their key mission and simultaneously protect themselves against the risk of liability Backgro
You intend to take on the North-American market? The Province of Quebec is amongst the best place to do so because of the bilinguism (English and French), important business with the United States of America, tax credits, etc. Here are a few practical issues you should consider.The Corporate FormIn Canada, there are many legal forms under which a company can do business. The majority of business people choose an incorporation ...
I.INTRODUCTION Considerable attention has been given to recent decisions of the Courts regarding the duty of the Crown to consult and accommodate the interests of Aboriginal people in the context of asserted but unproven claims ...
Eurofood IFSC Limited: Opinion of Advocate General Jacobs, 27 September 2005, Case C-341-04 This significant opinion by Advocate General Jacobs clarifies provisions of the Insolvency Regulation (1346/2000) concerning a company’s centre of main interests (COMI) and the recognition of judgments in the courts of other EU Member States. While concerning Irish and Italian entities, the case has attracted interest across the EU ...
Rayan Restaurant Limited v Julies Company Restaurant Limited and others, High Court, 18 April 2005, reported at Firstlaw, reference FL10920 This case concerns an application for security for costs, which is an application made to court by a defendant. The defendant asks the court to order the plaintiff to lodge money into court, assurance that the plaintiff will be able to discharge at least some of its costs, if the defendant succeeds in the trial and is awarded its costs ...
Halton International Inc (Holding) SARL and another v Guernoy Limited [2005] EWHC 1968 In this case, the UK High Court held that where a voting agreement conferred absolute discretion on an agent shareholder as to how to raise finance for the company and vote the shares of the other shareholders, on a share issue to raise funding, the agent did not owe fiduciary duties to the other shareholders in relation to the selection of investors ...
Re Hunting plc [2004] EWCH 2591 (Ch) Facts: The company’s issued share capital consisted of ordinary shares and convertible preference shares. Under the company’s Articles of Association, the preference shareholders were not entitled to attend at or vote at general meetings of the company, unless, among other things, a resolution was to be proposed at that meeting which modified any of the rights attaching to the preference shares ...
The funds industry in Ireland has exceeded US$500 billion (over €410 Billion), according to the latest edition of Fitzrovia International’s Dublin Fund Encyclopaedia. A&L Goodbody remains the leading legal adviser by net asset value, representing funds in excess of US$149 billion, i.e. 25.8% of all funds in the Irish market ...
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOA”) raised the bar with regard to, among other things, corporate governance, internal controls and executive responsibility. While SOA’s provisions apply primarily to public companies, private companies should become familiar with SOA for two reasons: First, portions of SOA do, in fact, apply to private companies – such as whistleblower protection and document retention provisions ...
